Defining the enterprise role of MNCs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1985 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? An MNC can be defined as a corporation or enterprise that conducts and controls productive activities in more than one country Todaro (2009). Multinational corporations can be characterised as large in size and operate worldwide and the parent company is the headquarter. As business companies try to increase their market share and maximise profit they tend to go multinational operating on a global scale because different countries vary in government rules and regulation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defining the enterprise role of MNCs" essay for you Create order Companies use PEST analysis to decide which host country will be suitable depending on Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors to operate their activities. It can be argued that developing countries encourage Foreign Direct Investment to improve economic growth, increase employment opportunities and improve infrastructure ( IMF 2006). Also MNCs have the advantage to invest in foreign countries especially in the developing countries due to availability of raw materials which can be produced at a lower cost of production. Companies can be monopolies controlling the market price over their competitors imposing barrier to entries. Local people are willing to work at a low rate of pay therefore cheap labour saves companies cost. On the other hand Todaro (2009) argues that we must recognize that multinational corporations are in the development of business, their objectives is to maximise their return on capital. MNCs search out for the best profit opportunities and are unconcerned with issues such as poverty, inequality, employment conditions and environmental problems. Research released by ( UNCTAD 2009) shows us a considerable value of global corporations and the increase in FDI to the economy. FDI flows steadily grew from 2004 and peaked in 2007 in a record of $1.3 trillion as illustrated in the diagram below. Although global FDI peaked in 2000 and fell a slower growth since then until 2003 due to the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Global FDI inflows 1980-2008 by group of economies ( billion of dollars). Source: UNCTAD, 2008, p.7 Global corporations are critical to business, management and the economy. At the end of these essay the reader will be in a better position to understand major issues relating to management of MNCs, what difficulties management faces depending on cross culture, human rights including gender and equality, ethics and responsibilities, communication barrier and giving case examples of companies. GENDER AND EQUALITY Women in management in the Middle East In the diverse world we live in we all vary in culture. Culture derive from language, attitude, education, social class, value, religion, economy, manners, policies, material. Hofstede (1991). Managers understand the importance of culture and they try to adapt to various culture because it is an important issue in management. Recent research by ( Huthchings 2010) suggest that women account for only 14% of senior executive post from USA and less than 5% from Europe represent in MNCs, women from South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa are less represented as international managers regardless of their increase represented as middle and senior managers in their own country. In Adler (1994) research explains three barriers to under representation of women at Macs including foreigner prejudice, company resistance and womens own lack of interest. Foreigner prejudice Companies are unwilling to send women on international duty because of foreign prejudice against women which makes them ineffective managers. Close to three quarter of human resource managers form MNCs surveyed believed that foreigners are so prejudiced against female that women managers would not succeed on their expatriate assignment (Hutchings 2010). Companies are not able to maximise the talent of women managers, ideas and managerial skills, if given the chance on expatriate assignment eliminating foreign prejudice they can be successful. Corporate Resistance Some companies hold assumption about women as managers and their availability, appropriateness and preference for international duty. Research done by (Adler 1994) proved that men believed that women are qualified for a career in domestic position and not international positions also male colleagues perception of women and unsupportive attitude towards female by companies has led to corporate resistance reducing the number of women at senior positions in MNCs. Corporate organisations are not helping and encouraging women to achieve their goals and dreams. Organisations should advice women with career development activities, give chance for promotion to senior management position so that they can mentor and support their fellow female in the organisation. Women managers disinterest Women are disinterested in following up expatriate positions but as Hutching (2010) argues that women are interested and ready for international duty, the only difference is when children are involved then they tend to decline the international duty. Also womens perception in international duty also affects them leading to reduction of women managers representation at MNCs. Further research by Metcalfe (2007) examines barriers of Arab Middle East womens career advance and finds out that lack of diversity and equality frameworks in organisations, work family conflict and limited organisation training support. It can be argued that the Islamic law on gender order on equal rights has different philosophies and creates gendered work hierarchies which can determine mens job and womens job supporting discrimination in work places limiting women to progress with their career in business. Every MNCs want equality in gender and respect diversity in work place but such factors above af fect management, especial Human Resource management when it comes to employee recruitment. It would be fair to say MNCs have less represent women in management in the Middle East due to the barriers of perception, culture and religion. A good example would be the Coca Cola Company. Coca Cola is operating business activities for 124 years and operate in over 200 countries. The company has no senior executive women representing in Middle east. Adler (1994) theory of women perception against international duty and the research by Hutching (2010) of less than 14% senior executive post from USA supports the fact why there are less women representation. If you pay more attention or research into the Coca Cola Company website under leadership, in the Board of Directors out of 14 directors only three are women, under the Operation Group of leadership out of 9 leaders there is only one female. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES ( CSR) AND ETHICS Tesco and Trafigura CSR is the continuing commitment to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of local community and the society at large. CSR report (1999). Tesco is Britains biggest and most profitable supermarket (Corporate watch.org). In recent years the company expanded into the international market dominating the supermarket industry in Europe and Asia. Despite the growth in world market questions are raised over their CSR and ethics global sourcing in the garment industry. Tesco imports its garment and textile from some of the world poorest countries, the company does not label its cloths with the country of origin and its value brand labelled as Tesco product meaning worker are not aware who they are supplying to. It is very often that workers in the developing countries are willing to work at a low wage and poor working conditions therefore Tesco sell clothes at a cheap price, at a low cost of production and maximum saving made from low wages. Today Tesco have gained more ground aware of CSR and ethics, the company is yet to be come first zero carbon business, supports Cancer Research UK race for life and voted as CLIC Sargent charity of the year 2009. The company success is due to the improvement in management. Managers are able to deal with and understand CRS especially when dealing with developing countries because they need to be careful with cross culture and ethics. Due to poverty, people work in poor condition, accept low wages, work over time and the minimum age law is broken and parents send children under the age of fourteen to work. Managers face these task everyday to protect human rights, brand image of the company, keep the loyal customers and attract more customers because if a mistake is done it would be an advantage to the to the competitors. On the other hand Trafigura is a multinational oil trading company with bases in London, New York, Genev a and Netherlands. From 2006 the company faced court charges for the disposal of hazardous waste in Ivory Coast. The waste disposal polluted the most parts of the city Abidjan causing a wave of illness break out and death. The chemical waste damaged vegetation and polluted the environment and still causing environmental problems. Trafiguras turn over is twice the size the economy of Ivory Coast. Trafigura paid compensation but the damage caused is too much. Issued face by the companys management and all other global corporation is corruption and communication difficulties. The reason for Trafigura waste disposal was that the contractor who was supposed to properly discharge the waste safely with no harm caused, realised the cost would be expensive and opted for the cheaper option. Also there was a communication barrier in language and the style of communication used such as email was not clear enough to explain how and to what degree the the waste is discharged. CONCLUSION MNCs play a major role in the economy, research by UNCTAD (2009) revels that investment by multinational corporations in foreign markets from 2004 to 2006 contributed $ 1.3 trillion to the economy. These global corporation are important to the economy, politics and business. Gender and equality can be affected by culture and perception. As Adler (1994) argues that foreign prejudice, corporate resistance and women disinterest has led to under representation of women in work place. Due to these perception women are not able to progress with their career in business. Further research by Metcalfe (2007) indicates barriers to Arab women in the Middle East career advancement and finds out that lack of equality in organisations and Islamic law on gender and equality has different philosophies which can determine men and women job creating discrimination in work place. It would be fair to argue that culture, perception and religion has led to the under representation of women in MNCs . A good example would be Coca Cola Company. Business management abide the codes of equal right and opportunity and diversity but barriers in culture and perception leads to unequality. CSR and ethics is immodest to business and the community. It is the companies obligations to look after the environment and be corporate social responsible. Management in global corporation REFERENCES Adler, N. (1994) Competitive Frontiers: Women Managing Across Borders. Journal of Management Development. 13 (2), p. 24-41. BBC. 2009. Trafigura knew of waste dangers [online]. Available from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8259765.stm [Accessed 25th April 2010] BBC. 2006. Pepsi apoints first female boss [online]. Available from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4791137.stm Corporate watch. 2005. Off the peg: Tesco and the garment industry in Asia [online] Available from: https://www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=1825 [Accessed 18th April 2010] Curator, M, M., 2009. Womens Empowerment, Arab Style [online]. Available from: https://www.imow.org/economica/stories/viewStory?storyId=3644HYPERLINK https://www.imow.org/economica/stories/viewStory?storyId=3644 Farndale, E., Scullion, H., and Sparrow, P. (2010) The role of corporate HR function in global talent management. Journal of World Business. 45 (2), p. 161. Greenpeace. 2006. Deadly cargo dumped in the Ivory Coast [online]. Available from: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/ivory-coast-toxic-dumping [Accessed 25th April 2010] Hofstede, G. 1991. Culture and Organisations. McGraw Hill, Maidenhead. Hutchings, K., Metcalfe, B.D and Cooper, K.B. (2010) Exploring Arab Middle Eastern womens perception of barrier and facilitators of international management opportunities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 21 (1), p. 61-83. Liu, W. (2010) The Environmental Responsibilities of Multinational Corporation. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. 15 (2), p. 81-88. Mellahi, K and Collings, D. (2010) The barriers to global talent management: The example of Corporate elites in MNEs. Journal of World Business. 45 (2), p. 143. Metcalfe, B.D. (2007) Gender and Human Resource Management in the Middle East. International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18 (1), p. 54-74. Ojasalo, J. ( 2009) Risk, Cultural Theories and Global Management. The Business Review, Cambridge. 14 (1), p. 83. Todaro, P.M and Smith, C.S. (2009) Economic Development. 9th ed. Addison Wesley: Pearson Education. United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report, 2008. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Essay on How the Great Depression Changed the Federal...

The period before the great depression, the 1920s, was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz age. This Era was marked by artistic movement such as the creation of Jazz music and a rich supply of American writing. During this time the federal government had been providing some aid to the states but leaving the bulk of the power to the states, which is known as a dual federalism. It also marked the end of modest social traditions and wave of materialism encouraged by increased customer spending with the open use of a new concept called credit. As the Great Depression rolled in, a cry for the involvement of government in matters of the economy was sent out as the United States reached an all time low. When Wall Street crashed, millions of†¦show more content†¦Along with the New Deal came a lot of controversy about the expansion of the government’s part in American society. Three days after taking office FDR established the Emergency Banking Act, that closed all the banks. Once the banks were reopened they were put under close supervision, also the treasury was authorized to issue more currency. After the Emergency Banking act, during the rest of FDR’s first 100 days in office, he proposed, and Congress enacted, an abundance of legislative acts such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), the Civic Works Administration (CWA), the Homeowners Loan Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). One of the most innovative New Deal Program was the Tennessee Valley Authority act (TVA) which created an independent public agency that oversaw the development of projects in the Tennessee River Valley. â€Å"While [the New Deal] did not end the Depression, [the] experimental programs helped the American people immeasurably by taking care of their basic needs and giving them the dignity of work and hope† (Maxwell, 1952) Grants-in-aids became a main mechanism ofShow MoreRelatedGreat Depression Outline1529 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Outline Monsy Rodriguez The Great Depression Thesis: In its duration and magnitude, the Great Depression was indefinitely more severe than any other episode of â€Å"hard times† in our history and it was the molding force of the America we live in today. Purpose of Your Hook: The purpose of my hook is to get the reader’s attention and have them keep reading and get through the whole essay. Key Point of Introduction: The purpose of my introduction is to expose the reader of my topic and myRead MoreEssay on Great depression1599 Words   |  7 PagesMaterial The Great Depression Part 1 Complete the chart by filling in each president’s views on the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover Franklin Delano Roosevelt Causes of the Great Depression *Weak agricultural and industrial growth in the US was due to foreign competition with domestic businesses, and a solution that helped both domestic and foreign economies grow mutually was not necessary. *The lack of individual and voluntary response to the depression, especially responseRead MoreThe Great Depression By Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation1115 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do you think about when you hear The Great Depression? Some might say the worst economic time in the United States of America. The Great Depression was one of the longest and innermost economic downturn in the world of history between the years of 1929 and 1939. Also, The Great Depression led to the Federal Government having a more involved role in America s economy, this was done through the creation of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation, which turned out to be effective becauseRead MoreWhy The Roaring 20s?1400 Words   |  6 Pagesessay will review the following: assessing the argument on why the roaring 20s was a reaction to the first world war, who/what is to blame for the great depression, who had a more difficult experience: farmers or city people, how effective the responses of the Roosevelt Administration to the great depression and how that changed the role of the federal government, as well as why the general publics thought of the 1920s being a good time is inaccurate. In a way the roaring 20s is a reactionRead MoreSimilarities Between Cinderella Man And The Great Depression703 Words   |  3 Pagesin the 1920’s was drastically different from life in the Great Depression. In the 20’s life was amazing. Wealth was being spread and the parties never stopped. It was all over when the stock market crashed in 1929. Banks closed and everyone lost their money. The movie Cinderella Man showed how life changed for boxer James Braddock. He was a famous boxer during the twenties. The movie showed the struggles he went through when the Depression hit. He lost his job and barely made it by. Cinderella ManRead MoreThe Growth of American Government from the End of Reconstruction and the end of World War II1513 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment had no other choice but to intervene in these instances to return balance to the economy and protect its citizens it served. The government changed both its approach and its size through programs ini tiated by the Industrial Revolution, New Deal programs during and following the Great Depression, and World War II, forever changing the relationship between Americans and their Government. During the Industrial Revolution with the massive railroad production across the country, the railroadRead MoreFederal National Mortgage Association ( Freddie Mac )1034 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2008 two government sponsored enterprise (GSE), Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), received the second-largest bailout in the United States, totaling $187 billion. The bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac drew attention to the problems with too big to fail (TBTF) entities and government guarantees. The bailout highlighted the lack of market discipline and encouraged moral hazard. The erosion of the prerequisitesRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects On The World Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression happened during the late 1920’s and continued until the early 1940’s. The origin of the depression was in the United States as the stock market crashed in 1929 wiping affecting millions of investors. The US economy was connected with the global economy, this economic crisis affected the whole world with high unemployment and low production. Industrial production declined dramatically, causing distribution systems to struggle as â€Å"transportation, wholesaling, manufacturing, andRead MoreImpact Of The New Deal On The Great Depression1355 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Preceding the Great Depression, the United States went through a glorious age of prosperity, with a booming market, social changes, and urbanization; America was changing. At the end of the 1920’s and well through the 1930’s, America was faced with its greatest challenge yet; the 1929 stock market crash. It would be the end of the prosperity of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. Now the American government and its citizens were faced with a failing economyRead MoreThe Great Depression : History1409 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Depression Suzette Toliver HIS205 Contemporary World History Belhaven University - Houston Cause The Great Depression has been labeled as the worst economic depression in the United States History. â€Å"On September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones was at a high of 381 points, and on October 29, 1929, it had fallen to 41 points after a week of panic selling.† http://thegreatdepressioncauses.com/causes/. Things started to become unstable as many people were getting rid of their stock. Banks

The Various Aspects of Leadership Styles

Question: Describe about the the traits or character of specific leadership styles? Answer: Introduction This paper described the various aspects of leadership styles. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the traits or character of specific leadership styles. Indeed, leadership style provides a route, executing plan and encourages people. The purpose of the firm explains which leadership style fit for the organization. Some organizations offer different kinds of leadership styles within the firms and its depend on the essential task to fulfill and departmental desires and needs. Transformational, Transactional and Charismatic is the main leadership styles that are used by the most of organization. Out of them, we would select the transformational leadership style. This style concept was first introduced by James McGregor Burns books in the 1978. Indeed, transformational leadership styles occur when one or more person link with other such as leader and followers increase one another to higher levels of ethics and encouragement. This kinds of leadership is proactive that new ex pectations in follow. It creates learning opportunities for their followers challenges to solve problem. (Lentz, 2012) These are the main traits or characters of the transformational leadership styles that are following below: Internal motivation and self management: Motivation ensures that your values are adjusted with the firm. It motivate follower to work for objective that beyond its desires or needs. (Hogg, 2012) If leaders motivate the internal employees of the organization then it helps to raise the organization growth and development. Internal motivation raises the employees moral and confidence. Due to internal motivation and self management skills they are able to make positive changes in the organization that helps to organization succeed. Potential to take difficult decision: It is main skills of leaders that handle the difficult decision in the organization. Transformational leadership doesnt avoid or delay tough decision. Difficult decisions became easier when its attached with clear goals, vision, values or goals. Further, it is main character of this leadership style that take difficult decision. So, it is able to make change in their organization. Evaluate your arrogant: when you are appointed in power position then we need to evaluate the arrogant level of your mind. If you are leader in the company then you need to encourage the best output from others within the firm. If organization will rise then you as a leader also get succeed. However, arrogant is the sign of business crisis. It does harm the business growth. Ability to take right risk: It is very important character of this leadership style to take right risk as per organization desires or needs. Risk plays an important role in the organization. So, anyone can take a risk according their requirement. Transformational leadership has ability to take calculated risks that often not provides positive way. Trust on your aptitude as well as your group to collect the essential talent it significant. Organizational consciousness: Transformational leadership styles share the collective conscious of their company. Those values are linked with firm and they share multipurpose with firm and dont view their position in the firm as a job. (Nayab, 2010) Further, if organization will be aware about the organization needs then it would take well-being decision for their workers or employees. This leadership styles has potential to alert the organization about the requirement of the company. Adaptability: Transformational leadership styles are deciding to adopt and always looking new way to respond fast movement in business environment. They knew that they will be passed through their competitor that means they are broad-minded to change. However, adaptability skills of leaders may be positive or negative. If leaders have potential to handle new ideas or thought that is provided by their employees or worker. Then, they should adopt this leadership character that affects the organization succeed. In the global competitive market, customer needs variety in product or services so leaders must adopt new technology that can fulfill customers desires or needs. Force to listen and entertain new thought: Transformational leadership style understands that growth and development is a team effort that willing to open ideas from all levels of their firm. It creates design to listen to their group and incorporate their insights. This leadership style has listening character and accept new idea from their colleague or subordinates. If leader will provide rights to express their idea or thought then it will raise employees or worker morale and confidence and they will take interest to raise organization productivity and profit margin. (Iqbal, 2011) In the global competitive market, customers desires or needs is changing constantly so we need to make change in our policies so new idea or thought of the employees or worker will be helpful in the organization success. Inspirational: It is significant character of transformational leadership style that helps to make beneficial change in their organization. People want or desire to be motivated. Transformation leadership style has potential to raise them. It is not only comes from motivational speech, but also treating individuals and taking the time to understand what encourages and inspires their team. (Nayab, 2010) In the global competitive market, inspirational skills play an important role because it raises employees morale that increases productivity of the organization. Due to inspirational leadership style we can raise organization in the worldwide level. Proactive: This is main character of this leadership styles that it is proactive decision maker. This leadership style doesnt wait for other to take decision and they react as per their decision. They are always ready to take risk, adopt new things and take new approach to developing the firms. Although, they knew that how to handle risk and take decision that are backed by research. Visionary: It is concise and realistic vision, mission and values that fit the culture of your company. Transformational leadership style has potential not only to negotiate the mission, but also get every people to purchase and work passion and clearly forcing the direction. (Hogg, 2012) Further, this leadership style has clear objective and goal that affect the organization growth and development. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that clear and effective character of the transformational leadership style as well as high ability to adopt new idea or thought helps it to maintain its competitive position in the worldwide leadership field. References Gerome, S., C., (2008). An Examination of Relationships Between Transformational Leadership Behavior and Interactive Justice Perceptions Among Membership of a Local Chapter of Human Resource Professionals. USA: ProQuest. Hogg, B., (2012). 10 Characteristics Of Transformational Leaders. Retrieved from: https://www.billhogg.ca/2012/03/10-characteristics-of-transformational-leaders/ Iqbal, T., (2011). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Effectiveness. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Lentz, K., (2012). Transformational Leadership in Special Education: Leading the IEP Team. USA: RL Education. Nayab, N., (2010). Characteristics of transformational leadership. Retrieved from: https://www.brighthub.com/office/home/articles/71743.aspx Syndell, M., A., (2008). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Transformational Leadership Style. USA: ProQuest.

Merchant Of Venice Essay Essays (642 words) - Italian Films

Merchant of Venice Essay Many people are villainous in the way they act, and their villainous acts may be rooted in the desire to destroy others, or in the hopes of elevating themselves. Many people may only act "villainous" in reaction to the way they have been treated in the past. Shylock the Jew is the villain or antagonist in the play The Merchant of Venice. Shylock mistreats Antonio the Christian, his daughter, Jessica and Launcelot. The first person Shylock mistreats, is Launcelot. He mistreats this servant by complaining behind Launcelot's back of his laziness. Shylock says, "The patch is kind enough, but a huge feeder, Snail-slow in profit, and he sleeps by day More than the wildcat. Drones hive not with me.. ..His borrowed purse." 1 Shylock also acts villainous towards Launcelot by acting belligerent towards him. "Who bids thee call? I do not bid thee call." 2 Shylock mistreats this man because of his poverty, and because Launcelot is socially beneath him. You also start to wonder about how fair Shylock is, when Launcelot is deciding whether or not to leave him. Shylock also mistreats his own daughter, Jessica. He mistreats her by keeping her as a captive in her own house, not letting her out, and not letting her hear the Christian music around her. He orders her to: "Lock up my doors; and when you hear the drum... ..But stop my house's ears-I mean casements. Let not the sound of shallow fopp'ry enter My sober house." 3 Jessica considers her home to be hell, and she calls Launcelot, a "merry little devil". She even states that her father is Satan. Shylock also mistreats his own daughter, by not loving her enough, even to the point where he complains about all of the money he's spending in a search to find her. "Why, there, there, there, there! A diamond gone cost me two thousand ducats in Frankford! The curse.. ..ill luck stirring but what lights o' my shoulders; no sighs but o' my breathing; no tears but o' my shedding."4 Salerio makes the audience wonder about Shylock, when he raves about when Shylock was calling out, "Oh my ducats, my daughter, my ducats, my daughter.." This makes you wonder which he misses the most. This proves that he mistreats, even his own daughter. He values his money more than his own blood. Shylock mistreats Antonio. He does so by talking behind Antonio's back, and he reveals his hatred of Antonio, when he says, "How like a fawning publican he looks! I hate him for he is a Christian; But more for that...Cursed be my tribe If I forgive him!" 5 Shylock feels justified in exacting revenge for all the ills Antonio causes him. He then draws up an unbelievable bond. He blames Antonio for all of his problems, even his race's problems are blamed on people like Antonio, and he feels Christians have persecuted his race when he says, "To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge...The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction." 6 He shows that he will copy the example of Christians. Shylock becomes the true villain when he atkes Antonio to court. These actions prove that Antonio is mistreated by Shylock, the villain. Shylock is the villain of The Merchant of Venice. He mistreats too many people, and then asks for mercy in a court. Shylock is mad for revenge towards all Christians, especially Antonio. He is such a villain that even his daughter and servant are eager to escape him. Villains are oftenly antagonists in story plots and normally are a threat to the main character. Villains normally have motives behind their evil doings. Endnotes: 1. Shakespeare, William. Merchant of Venice. (Washington Square Press, New York, 1957) p. 30 2. Ibid p. 29 3. Ibid p. 30 4. Ibid p. 46 5. Ibid p. 13 6. Ibid p. 44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------